Complex citizenships and cultural diversity

Abstract

This paper critically analyzes the incoherencies of the Enlightenment project and the liberal democracy to propose some radical renewals to lead us into the original ideals of freedom, equity and solidarity. First, we discuss the abstract and non-differentiable concept of “citizenship” —heritage of Enlightenment and modernity— to go further of this locked discussion. If we start from philosophical hermeneutics —as an apology of open speeches—, it will be possible a new conception of “complex and differentiable citizenships” to be reflected on the problems of the right of the land, cultural belongings, the plural state and sovereignty of Indians. Finally, we balance the Mexican and Anglo-Saxon multicultural contribution, outstanding the meaning of “interculturalizing” public spheres and inclusive democracies, as well as the importance of the “sociedad civil” in democratic life.